Causes of Melanoma
Studies have found many causes and risk factors for melanoma, but it’s not yet known exactly how they might lead to melanomas. For instance, while most moles are benign and never turn into a melanoma, some do. Researchers have found specific gene changes inside a mole cell that may cause it to become a melanoma cell. But it’s still not clear why some moles turn into melanomas while most don’t.
Following are some common causes and risk factors for melanomas.
Genetic Mutations
Mutations in the genetic makeup are one of the most common causes of melanomas. DNA is the basic chemical in each of our cells. Its collection and assembly makes up our genes, the basic unit of the human genome, which control how our cells and tissues function. We usually have a similar physical similarity like our parents because they are the donors of our DNA. However, DNA affects more than just having a physical similarity.
Some genes control our cell cycle, and regulate how they divide into new cells. Genes that help cells stay alive, grow, and divide are called oncogenes. While there is another group of genes called tumor suppressor genes that keep cell growth in check, cause cellular death at the right time, and repair mistakes in the DNA.
Melanomas can be caused by a DNA mutation (or other types of changes secondary to the environment) that that turn off tumor suppressor genes or keep oncogenes turned on. These types of DNA mutations can lead to skin cells growing out of control. Clinical trials have shown that changes in several different genes are needed for a normal skin cell to become a melanoma cell.
Mutations can be further divided into;