Hospital-acquired
Hospitals harbors loads of infectious agents. It can transmit infections through poorly sanitized equipment, poor discard of injectable, contamination through body fluids etc. The transvaginal ultrasound probes, are considered one such route by which HPV infection can be transmitted. This device used to examine the uterus, vagina or other organs, is not disposable. It is sterilized with some common disinfectants, which in some cases may be ineffective against HPV. The high-risk type 16 and others, were found on such instruments in about 3% of the times. The HPV DNA can be found on other such gadgets which come in direct contact with HPV lesions, and hence, it can act as a link in the chain for viral transmission.